Churchman outlined four approaches to systems: 1) The approach of the efficiency expert (reducing time and cost); 2) The approach of the scientist (building models, often with mathematics); 3) The approach of the humanist (looking to our values); and 4) The approach of the anti-planner (accepting systems and living within them, without trying to control them).[12] We might also consider a fifth approach: 5) The approach of the designer, which in many respects is also the approach of the policy planner and the business manager, (prototyping and iterating systems or representations of systems).
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